Ancient Egyptians, flourishing along the Nile for over three millennia, were renowned for their monumental achievements like the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. They developed hieroglyphics to record religious texts and administrative documents, and their society was led by pharaohs considered divine rulers. Religion played a central role, with a belief in the afterlife leading to elaborate burial practices. Their advances in mathematics, medicine, and engineering allowed for complex surgeries and grand architectural feats. Supported by the fertile Nile, their agricultural success sustained a large population and left a lasting legacy on modern culture and knowledge.